A Case of Success: Complete Response to Radium-223 in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Radium-223 dichloride (Ra223) is the first targeted alpha agent approved for treating metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with bone-exclusive disease. A benefit in overall survival and time to the first symptomatic skeletal-related event was shown in the Alpharadin in Symptomatic Prostate Cancer Patients (ALSYMPCA) trial. However, this trial did not describe a bone scan response to Ra223, and there is no universal consensus about how it should be monitored. Furthermore, a scintigraphy flare phenomenon may lead to false-positive tracer uptake in responsive cases, thereby misleading the interpretation of imaging results.  We present the case of a 67-year-old male with mCRPC and exclusive bone disease treated with Ra223. The bone scintigraphy after the end of the treatment showed an apparent aggravation of the lesions, corresponding to a flare phenomenon, with an almost complete resolution after three months. The patient maintained a scintigraphic response for seven months.

The influence of carvedilol posology timing on clinically significant portal hypertension: insights from elastography measurements.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Carvedilol has emerged as the preferred ß-blocker for treating portal hypertension. However, there is still a debate in dosing regimen, with a potential lower bioavailability in once-daily regimens. The aim of this study is to assess the acute effects of carvedilol posology in patients with clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH), as a surrogate marker of bioavailability. METHODS: In this experimental study, 34 patients with CSPH receiving carvedilol twice daily were asked to suppress the night dose of carvedilol, creating a standardized 24-hour dose interval. Spleen stiffness measurement (SSM) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by transient elastography (TE) were performed, with the exact interval between the last carvedilol administration and TE measurements consistently maintained at 24 hours and compared with values prior and under treatment. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were included, predominantly male (82.9%). SSM after suspending carvedilol for 24 hours [mean, 73.9kPa (SD, 17.0)] was significantly higher ( P < 0.001) than under treatment [mean, 56.3kPa (SD, 13.2)] and was not significantly different ( P = 0.908) from SSM prior to introduction of carvedilol [mean, 74.5kPa (SD, 12.4)]. Differences were also found in stratified analysis for carvedilol dosage, D'Amico classification stages, MELDNa scores, MELD3.0 scores, Child-Pugh class A and CSPH due to alcoholic cirrhosis. LSM after suspension was not significantly different from both under treatment and prior to treatment. CONCLUSION: The differences in SSM after skipping one dose of carvedilol show both the importance of strict adherence to the prescribed dosing regimen to achieve the expected therapeutic benefits and the impact of twice daily prescription in bioavailability throughout the day.

A Case of Success With Immunotherapy After Changing the Therapeutics Strategy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have already shown benefit with higher response and survival rates when compared to standard chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although there is evidence that radiation and immunotherapy offer good response rates without additional toxicity, these treatments are not currently utilized in our everyday clinical practice to treat advanced disease. We present a case of success of a 50-year-old male with stage IIIC adenocarcinoma of the lung with high PD-L1 expression and no driver mutations whose disease progressed after two cycles of induction chemotherapy. After that, he started systemic treatment with pembrolizumab monotherapy, and there was such a good response that he proposed definitive radiotherapy for the only remaining pulmonary lesion. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) was performed with no major toxicity. He is alive, in follow-up for more than two years, with no signs of active oncological disease. Our case represents an example of success, demonstrating a great tumor response with immunotherapy that allowed a patient with advanced non-metastatic NSCLC whose disease had progressed with platinum-based chemotherapy to get radical treatment with SBRT. The failure of the first-line treatment can result in more investigation on the efficacy and benefits of beginning treatment of these kinds of tumors with ICI directly.

A Rare and Difficult Diagnosis: A Case of Hepatoid Carcinoma of the Gallbladder.

Extrahepatic metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma is usually associated with extensive intrahepatic lesions. Hepatoid adenocarcinoma is a rare variant of extrahepatic malignant adenocarcinoma that exhibits remarkable histological and immunohistochemical similarity to hepatocellular carcinoma, which can result in an underestimated diagnosis. This case report describes a patient with a newly found gallbladder polyp. Following cholecystectomy, the initial histological and immunohistochemical evaluation suggested a metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, after multiple scans, no primary intrahepatic lesion was found. A subsequent review of the gallbladder specimens showed negative staining for CK7 and CK19, leading to a diagnosis of hepatoid carcinoma of the gallbladder.

Immunotherapy around the Clock: Impact of Infusion Timing on Stage IV Melanoma Outcomes.

Although the impact of circadian timing on immunotherapy has yet to be integrated into clinical practice, chronoimmunotherapy is an emerging and promising field as circadian oscillations are observed in immune cell numbers as well as the expression of immunotherapy targets, e.g., programmed cell death protein-1 and its ligand programmed death ligand 1. Concurrent retrospective studies suggest that morning infusions may lead to higher effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and kidney cancer. This paper discusses the results of a retrospective study (2016-2022) exploring the impact of infusion timing on the outcomes of all 73 patients with stage IV melanoma receiving immunotherapy at a particular medical center. While the median overall survival (OS) was 24.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.04-39.8), for a median follow-up of 15.3 months, our results show that having more than 75% of infusions in the afternoon results in shorter median OS (14.9 vs. 38.1 months; hazard ratio 0.45 [CI 0.23-0.86]; p < 0.01) with more expressive impacts on particular subgroups: women, older patients, and patients with a lower tumor burden at the outset of immunotherapy. Our findings highlight the potential benefits of follow-up validation in prospective and translational randomized studies.

Anthracyclines versus No Anthracyclines in the Neoadjuvant Strategy for HER2+ Breast Cancer: Real-World Evidence.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Deescalation strategies omitting anthracyclines (AC) have been explored in early human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer (HER2+ EBC), showing similar efficacy regarding pathological complete response (pCR) and long-term outcomes as AC-containing regimens. The standard treatment for this tumor subtype is based on chemotherapy and dual HER2 blockade with trastuzumab and pertuzumab, with AC-containing regimens remaining a frequent option for these patients, even in non-high-risk cases. The primary aim of this study was to assess and compare the effectiveness of neoadjuvant regimens with and without AC used in the treatment of HER2+ EBC in the clinical practice according to the pCR achieved with each. METHODS: This retrospective multicentric study included patients with HER2+ EBC from Portuguese, Spanish, and Chilean hospitals (January 2018-December 2021). Patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) with dual HER2 blockade (trastuzumab and pertuzumab), followed by surgery, were included. Statistical analysis used chi-squared/Fisher's exact test for associations, multivariate logistic regression for pCR, and Kaplan-Meier method for event-free survival (EFS). IBM SPSS Statistics 29.0 analyzed the data. RESULTS: The study included 371 patients from eight hospitals. Among them, 237 received sequential AC and taxane-based chemotherapy with 4 cycles of trastuzumab and pertuzumab, while 134 received 6 cycles of TCHP (docetaxel, carboplatinum, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab). The average age of the patients was 52.8 years and 52.7 years, respectively. Omitting AC from the neoadjuvant approach did not preclude achieving pCR [p = 0.246, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.235-0.257] and was safe regardless of patient characteristics. Relapse rates were 6.8% (16 patients) in the AC group and 4.5% (6 patients) in the TCHP group. Over a median follow-up of 2.9 years, the estimated 3-year EFS was 92.5% in the AC group and 95.4% in the TCHP group (hazard ratio 0.602, 95% CI 0.234-1.547, p = 0.292, favoring TCHP). CONCLUSION: This study reports real-world evidence showing similar pCR and EFS outcomes with treatment regimens with and without AC and raises awareness of possible overtreatment and long-term toxicity in some patients with HER2+ EBC with the use of AC.

Clinical and Pathophysiologic Insights of Free triiodothyronine/Free thyroxine Ratio in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Data from the NETDiamond Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid dysfunction is common in patients with heart failure (HF). Impaired conversion of free T4 (FT4) into free T3 (FT3) is thought to occur in these patients, decreasing the availability of FT3 and contributing to HF progression. In HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), it is not known whether changes in conversion of thyroid hormones (THs) are associated with clinical status and outcomes. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of FT3/FT4 ratio and TH with clinical, analytical, and echocardiographic parameters, as well as their prognostic impact in individuals with stable HFpEF. METHODS: We evaluated 74 HFpEF participants of the NETDiamond cohort without known thyroid disease. We performed regression modeling to study the associations of TH and FT3/FT4 ratio with clinical, anthropometric, analytical, and echocardiographic parameters, and survival analysis to evaluate associations with the composite of diuretic intensification, urgent HF visit, HF hospitalization, or cardiovascular death over a median follow-up of 2.8 years. RESULTS: The mean age was 73.7 years and 62% were men. The mean FT3/FT4 ratio was 2.63 (standard deviation: 0.43). Subjects with lower FT3/FT4 ratio were more likely to be obese and have atrial fibrillation. Lower FT3/FT4 ratio was associated with higher body fat (ß = -5.60 kg per FT3/FT4 unit, p = 0.034), higher pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) (ß = -10.26 mm Hg per FT3/FT4 unit, p = 0.002), and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (ß = 3.60% per FT3/FT4 unit, p = 0.008). Lower FT3/FT4 ratio was associated with higher risk for the composite HF outcome (HR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.04-5.88, per 1-unit decrease in FT3/FT4, p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with HFpEF, lower FT3/FT4 ratio was associated with higher body fat, higher PASP, and lower LVEF. Lower FT3/FT4 predicted a higher risk of diuretic intensification, urgent HF visits, HF hospitalization, or cardiovascular death. These findings suggest that decreased FT4 to FT3 conversion might be a mechanism associated with HFpEF progression.

Treating Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Sorafenib: A 10-Year Single Center Experience.

Introduction: Sorafenib was the first therapy used for systemic treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Multiple prognosis factors associated with sorafenib therapy have been described. Objectives: The aim of this work was to evaluate survival and time to progression (TTP) on HCC patients treated with sorafenib, and check for predictive factors of sorafenib benefit. Materials and Methods: Retrospectively, data from all HCC patients treated with sorafenib in a Liver Unit from 2008 to 2018 were collected and analyzed. Results: Sixty-eight patients were included; 80.9% were male, the median age was 64.5 years, 57.4% had Child-Pugh A cirrhosis and 77.9% were BCLC stage C. Macrovascular invasion (MVI) was present in 25% of the patients and 25% of the subjects had other extrahepatic metastasis. The median survival was 10 months (IQR 6.0-14.8) and median TTP was 5 months (IQR 2.0-7.0). Survival and TTP were similar between Child-Pugh A and B patients: 11.0 months (IQR 6.0-18.0) for Child-Pugh A and 9.0 months (IQR 5.0-14.0) for Child-Pugh B (p = 0.336). In univariate analysis, larger lesion size (LS >5 cm), higher alpha-fetoprotein (AFP >50 ng/mL), and no history of locoregional therapy were statistically associated with mortality (HR 2.17, 95% CI 1.24-3.81; HR 3.49, 95% CI 1.90-6.42; HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32-0.93, respectively), but only LS and AFP were independent predictive factors, as shown in multivariate analysis (LS: HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.10-3.96; AFP: HR 3.13, 95% CI 1.59-6.16). MVI and LS >5 cm were associated with TTP shorter than 5 months in univariate analysis (MVI: HR 2.80, 95% CI 1.47-5.35; LS: HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.08-4.11), but only MVI was an independent predictive factor of TTP shorter than 5 months (HR 3.42, 95% CI 1.72-6.81). Regarding safety data, 76.5% of patients reported at least one side effect (any grade), and 19.1% presented grade III-IV adverse effects leading to treatment discontinuation. Conclusions: We observed no significant difference in survival or TTP in Child-Pugh A or Child-Pugh B patients treated with sorafenib, as compared to more recent real-life studies. Lower primary LS and AFP were associated with a better outcome, and lower AFP was the main predictor of survival. The reality of systemic treatment for advanced HCC has recently changed and continues to evolve, but sorafenib remains a viable therapeutic option.

Introdução: O sorafenib foi o primeiro fármaco usado em primeira linha na terapêutica sistémica do carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) em estadio avançado. Têm sido descritos múltiplos factores modificadores de prognóstico associados à sua utilização. Objectivos: Caracterizar um grupo de doentes com CHC que realizaram terapêutica com sorafenib, estudar a sobrevivência e o tempo até progressão (TAP), e avaliar os factores preditores de benefício. Material e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com recolha e análise dos dados relativos a todos os doentes com CHC tratados com sorafenib numa Unidade de Hepatologia, entre 2008 e 2018. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo sessenta e oito doentes; 80.9% do sexo masculino, com mediana de idades de 64.5 anos, 57.4% tinham cirrose em estadio A de Child-Pugh e 77.9% apresentavam CHC em estadio C do Barcelona Clínic Liver Cancer (BCLC). A invasão macrovascular (IMV) estava presente em 25% dos doentes, e também 25% dos doentes tinha metastização extra-hepática (que não a IMV). A mediana de sobrevivência foi de 10 meses (IQR 6.0-14.8) e a mediana de TAP foi de 5 meses (IQR 2.0­7.0). A sobrevivência e o TAP foram similares nos doentes Child-Pugh A e B: 11.0 meses (IQR 6.0­18.0) para Child-Pugh A e 9.0 meses (IQR 5.0­14.0) para Child-Pugh B (p = 0.336). Na análise univariada, o tamanho da lesão >5 cm (TL), alfa-fetoproteína > 50 ng/mL (AFP) e a ausência de terapêuticas locorregionais prévias (TLP) tiveram relação estatisticamente significativa com a mortalidade (TL: HR 2.17, 95% CI 1.24­3.81; AFP: HR 3.49, 95% CI 1.90­6.42; TLP: HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32­0.93), mas apenas o TL e AFP foram fatores preditores independentes, como mostrou a análise multivariada (TL: HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.10­3.96; AFP: HR 3.13, 95% CI 1.59­6.16). A IMV e o TL >5 cm estiveram associados com o TAP <5 meses na análise univariada (IMV: HR 2.80, 95% CI 1.47­5.35; TL: HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.08­4.11), mas apenas a IMV foi um fator preditor independente de TAP <5 meses (HR 3.42, 95% CI 1.72­6.81). Relativamente aos dados de segurança, 76.5% dos doentes relataram pelo menos um efeito lateral (qualquer grau), e 19.1% apresentaram efeitos adversos de grau III-IV, que levaram à suspensão do fármaco. Conclusões: Não foi observada diferença significativa na sobrevivência ou no tempo até progressão nos doentes Child-Pugh A ou Child-Pugh B tratados com sorafenib, quando comparado com estudos real-life recentes. Menor TL e AFP estiveram associados a melhor outcome e um valor de AFP baixo mostrou-se o principal preditor de sobrevivência. A realidade da terapêutica sistémica para o CHC avançado alterou-se recentemente e continua em mudança, mas o sorafenib permanece uma alternativa terapêutica viável.

Exploring new pathways in endocrine-resistant breast cancer.

The most common breast cancer (BC) subtypes are hormone-dependent, being either estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), progesterone receptor-positive (PR+), or both, and altogether comprise the luminal subtype. The mainstay of treatment for luminal BC is endocrine therapy (ET), which includes several agents that act either directly targeting ER action or suppressing estrogen production. Over the years, ET has proven efficacy in reducing mortality and improving clinical outcomes in metastatic and nonmetastatic BC. However, the development of ET resistance promotes cancer survival and progression and hinders the use of endocrine agents. Several mechanisms implicated in endocrine resistance have now been extensively studied. Based on the current clinical and pre-clinical data, the present article briefly reviews the well-established pathways of ET resistance and continues by focusing on the three most recently uncovered pathways, which may mediate resistance to ET, namely receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and Notch. It additionally overviews the evidence underlying the approval of combined therapies to overcome ET resistance in BC, while highlighting the relevance of future studies focusing on putative mediators of ET resistance to uncover new therapeutic options for the disease.

First report of plastic contamination in batoids: Plastic ingestion by Haller's Round Ray (Urobatis halleri) in the Gulf of California.

The presence of microplastics has been reported in the marine environment and these pollutants have also been reported in food webs. Information about the presence of microplastics in the Haller's Round Ray (Urobatis halleri) and bottom sediments off the east coast of the Gulf of California is non-existent. The digestive tracts of individuals of this species and sediment samples were examined for plastic particles in this region. In total, 107 plastic particles were found in the sediment. All were fibers and 94.4% were microplastics, the rest were mesoplastics. The gastrointestinal tracts of 142 rays were analysed, and it was determined that this is a benthic feeder. A total of 386 plastic particles were recovered from 46 individuals (32.4%). On average 10.2 (±7.4) plastic particles were found per specimen, with plastic lengths ranging from 0.00821 mm to 0.953 mm. The FTIR-ATR analysis revealed the presence of six types of polymers: polyamide or nylon polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyacrylic were found in both sediments and gastrointestinal tracts of Haller's Round Ray. Polyethylene terephthalate and polyacrylamide were only found in the gastrointestinal tracts of the ray. These polymers are consistent with the human activities undertaken in this area, specifically intensive small-scale and industrial fisheries, as they are used for the elaboration of fishing nets, plastic bags, storage containers, clothing, and fishing boats maintenance. Our results show that benthic feeders are exposed to plastic debris, and its presence is another potential threat to batoids, which are already threatened by bycatch, overfishing, and other pollutants. However, studies on the ingestion of plastic debris in batoids and its presence in the sediment are still scarce or non-existent for this region. As such, these studies are necessary to help in the preservation of these species.

The Portuguese mediterranean diet wheel: development considerations.

Scientific evidence has been reporting the health and environmental benefits of the Mediterranean diet. However, countries of the Mediterranean region, Portugal included, are gradually abandoning this traditional food pattern. The aim of the present work was to develop the Portuguese Mediterranean diet wheel. Three main steps were followed: (1) establishment of the most relevant Mediterranean diet and lifestyle principles to improve this pattern among the Portuguese population; (2) converting those principles into a captivating and easy to understand tool and (3) obtaining experts' opinion. By a matter of consistency, the preservation and transmission of the Mediterranean heritage was represented through an upgrade of the current Portuguese food wheel guide. This complementary tool highlights the Mediterranean diet enlarged character that encompasses a healthy lifestyle and reinforces sociocultural and environmental features. It was launched at the end of 2016 and was nationally disseminated with the support of the Portuguese Health Directorate. Initially it was presented in a poster format image that was subsequently spread in different communication formats. This newly developed Mediterranean food guide is a complementary educational tool that will support health and education professionals in the never ending mission of promoting healthy food choices.

Humoral Immune Response of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients with Cancer: Influencing Factors and Mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients with cancer show worse outcomes compared with patients without cancer. The humoral immune response (HIR) of patients with cancer against SARS-CoV-2 is not well characterized. To better understand it, we conducted a serological study of hospitalized patients with cancer infected with SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a unicentric, retrospective study enrolling adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to a central hospital from March 15 to June 17, 2020, whose serum samples were quantified for anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain or spike protein IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies. The aims of the study were to assess the HIR to SARS-CoV-2; correlate it with different cancer types, stages, and treatments; clarify the interplay between the HIR and clinical outcomes of patients with cancer; and compare the HIR of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with and without cancer. RESULTS: We included 72 SARS-CoV-2-positive subjects (19 with cancer, 53 controls). About 90% of controls revealed a robust serological response. Among patients with cancer, a strong response was verified in 57.9%, with 42.1% showing a persistently weak response. Treatment with chemotherapy within 14 days before positivity was the only factor statistically shown to be associated with persistently weak serological responses among patients with cancer. No significant differences in outcomes were observed between patients with strong and weak responses. All IgG, IgM, IgA, and total Ig antibody titers were significantly lower in patients with cancer compared with those without. CONCLUSION: A significant portion of patients with cancer develop a proper HIR. Recent chemotherapy treatment may be associated with weak serological responses among patients with cancer. Patients with cancer have a weaker SARS-CoV-2 antibody response compared with those without cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: These results place the spotlight on patients with cancer, particularly those actively treated with chemotherapy. These patients may potentially be more vulnerable to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, so it is important to provide oncologists further theoretical support (with concrete examples and respective mechanistic correlations) for the decision of starting, maintaining, or stopping antineoplastic treatments (particularly chemotherapy) not only on noninfected but also on infected patients with cancer in accordance with cancer type, stage and prognosis, treatment agents, treatment setting, and SARS-CoV-2 infection risks.

A case of corticosteroid-responsive SARS-CoV-2 related massive rhabdomyolysis.

The 2019 coronavirus pandemic has united scientific and medical communities in a worldwide quest for understanding the pathophysiology of this rapidly spreading disease in order to develop effective treatments. We present a case of a 46-year-old woman with breast cancer who was found positive for SARS-CoV-2 in a screening test and developed massive rhabdomyolysis (creatinine kinase 87,456 U/liter) as well as new-onset lymphopenia and signs of lung disease starting on the 16th day of clinical surveillance, one month after the last administration of chemotherapy. Nasopharyngeal swab was still positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and serology revealed antibody response against the virus. Considering the possibility of a systemic inflammatory response in the setting of post-chemotherapy immune reconstitution, we avoided aggressive fluid administration and initiated treatment with methylprednisolone and hydroxychloroquine, resulting in rapid clearance of pulmonary infiltrates and creatinine kinase. Complete resolution after corticosteroid treatment may provide clinicians with a viable treatment option in similar situations and adds to the growing body of evidence pointing to dysregulated immune response as a major contributing factor to disease severity.

A rare mutation on alpha-1 antitrypsin deficit and lung fibrosis: case report.

Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an autosomal codominant disease, and different genetic variants are known, some of which very rare. Usual pulmonary manifestations include emphysema, bronchiectasis and asthma. Pulmonary fibrosis is uncommon. We describe a case of a 64 year old man with an inaugural diagnosis of cirrhosis and lung fibrosis, without emphysema or bronchiectasis, associated with AATD. Further investigation identified a rare variant in heterozigosity (MMPalermo), usually associated with liver disease. Concomitantly, he had a secondary iron overload, and in the course of the investigation, a type 2 diabetes mellitus installed. The association between AATD and pulmonary fibrosis is rare, however it has been identified in a few studies and case reports, questioning the role of AAT in pulmonary fibrosis. (Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2020; 37 (4): e2020019).

Phytotoxicity assessment of olive mill solid wastes and the influence of phenolic compounds.

The main objective of this work is to evaluate the phytotoxicity of olive mill solid wastes (OMW) produced in two different centrifugation technologies and also the toxicity associated with specific phenolic compounds. Two samples of waste were collected in two-phase (2P-OMW) and three-phase (3P-OMW) centrifugation olive oil production processes, and cress bioassays with Lepidium sativum L. were employed to evaluate phytotoxicity. Although both OMW have similar total phenolic content (TPh), results confirmed that 2P-OMW is more phytotoxic than 3P-OMW. When extracts from 2P-OMW at liquid to solid ratio of 10 L kg-1 were applied none of the seeds germinated, i.e. germination index (GI) was 0%, while for 3P-OMW GI was 94.3%. Growth tests in soil and mixtures with OMW also led to more favorable results for 3P-OMW, whereas worse results than those obtained in the control experiments were observed. In order to discriminate the individual influence of eleven phenolic compounds, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, cinnamic acid, syringic acid, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, veratric acid and phenol were tested in the concentration range of 5-500 mg L-1. Results showed that cinnamic acid is the most phytotoxic, with EC50 of 60 mg L-1, which is related with its hydrophobicity. Moreover, increasing -OH and -OCH3 groups in these molecules seem to reduce phytotoxicity. Tests with a mixture of six phenolic compounds demonstrated there are neither synergistic nor additive effects. The phytotoxicity appears to be determined by the presence of the most lipophilic phenolic molecule.

Predictors of hospital readmission 1 year after ischemic stroke.

Predictors of short-term readmission after ischemic stroke have been previously identified, but few studies analyzed predictors of long-term readmission, namely early imaging findings and treatment with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). To characterize predictors of hospital readmission during the first year after hospitalization for ischemic stroke. The study consists of a retrospective cohort of consecutive ischemic stroke patients admitted in a Portuguese university hospital during 2013, who survived index hospitalization. We collected clinical and imaging information using the electronical clinical record. Information concerning 1-year unplanned hospital readmissions was assessed using the Portuguese electronic Health Data Platform. Descriptive and univariate analyses, Kaplan-Meier survival curve and multivariate survival analysis with Cox regression model were used. We included 480 patients, 50.6 % women, median age 79 years (interquartile range = 68-85). One-year hospital readmissions occurred in 165 patients [34.4 %, 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) 30.2-38.7]. The main causes for readmission were infectious diseases (43.8 %), ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack recurrence (13.2 %) and cardiac diseases (6.4 %). In-hospital mortality associated with readmission was 23.0 %. The independent predictors of 1-year hospital readmission after ischemic stroke were admission mini-National Institute of Health Stoke Scale [hazards ratio (HR) 1.05, 95 % CI 1.02-1.08, p = 0.002], and mild or absent early signs of ischemia on admission computed tomography (CT) (HR 0.54, 95 % CI 0.32-0.91, p = 0.021) and IVT (HR 0.11, 95 % CI 0.01-0.80, p = 0.029). Hospital readmission during the first year after ischemic stroke occurs in 1/3 of patients and is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Clinical stroke severity, early signs of ischemia on admission CT, and treatment with IVT are independent predictors of 1-year hospital readmission.

Burden of digestive diseases in Portugal: trends in hospitalizations between 2000 and 2010.

OBJECTIVE: Data on the burden of gastrointestinal diseases are incomplete, particularly in Southern European countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of digestive diseases in Portugal. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study based on the national hospitalizations database that identified all consecutive episodes with a first diagnosis of a digestive disease between 2000 and 2010 using ICD-9-CM codes. Comparative analyses were carried out to assess hospitalization trends of major indicators over time and across regions. RESULTS: More than 75,000 deaths attributable to digestive diseases were observed, representing 16% of the overall in-hospital mortality. Over half of these (59%) were premature deaths (in patients <75 years of age). Biliary tract disease was the most common digestive disorder leading to hospitalization (249,817 episodes, 5210 episodes of acute stone-related cholecystitis in 2010, with an 11% increase compared with 2000). Gastric cancer was responsible for the highest number of in-hospital deaths (10,278) and alcohol-related liver disorders accounted for the highest in-hospital premature deaths (7572). Both costs and the in-hospital mortality rate for major digestive diseases showed a significant positive relation with progression of time (ß=0.195, P<0.001); however, when adjusted for age, this was not significant. Significant positive associations were found between age and in-hospital mortality (odds ratio=1.032, P<0.001) and between costs and in-hospital mortality (odds ratio=1.054, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: In Portugal, digestive diseases represent a major burden, with evidence of an increasing trend. An ageing population contributes strongly towards this increase, placing further demands on healthcare organizations. Diseases such as gastric cancer, biliary tract disease and alcohol-related liver disorders may require particular attention.

Biodegradation kinetic constants and sorption coefficients of micropollutants in membrane bioreactors.

In order to elucidate the capability of biomass developed in membrane bioreactors (MBR) to degrade and sorb emerging micropollutants, biodegradation (kbiol) and sorption (ksor) kinetic constants as well as solid-liquid partition coefficients (Kd) of 13 selected pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) were determined with MBR heterotrophic biomass adding a pulse (100 ppb of each compound) and following the liquid and solid phase concentrations over time. The results obtained were compared to literature data referring to conventional activated sludge (CAS) systems. Two experiments were performed: one in the MBR itself and the second one in a batch reactor with the same type and concentration of biomass as in the MBR. Overall, both biodegradation and sorption coefficients were in the same range as previously reported by other studies in CAS systems, indicating that MBR biomass does not show better capabilities for the biological degradation and/or sorption of PPCPs compared to the biomass developed in CAS reactors. Therefore, the higher PPCPs removal efficiencies found in MBRs are explained by the high biomass concentrations obtained at the long sludge retention times at which this type of reactors are usually operated.